Frolleagues: Why Friendships at Work Matter

 Link to Podcast of this blog.

In an earlier blog I suggested that our strengths and skills in the professional sphere are interconnected with our personal growth and development, and that admonitions to separate the personal from the professional may not be realistic or helpful. In making the case for the interconnectedness of our personal skills and achievements with our professional ones, I focused on our growth as individuals. In this blog I want to further explore the strong connection between personal and professional development not through an individual perspective, but through the lens of friendship. In our increasingly displaced workspaces, colleagues who are friends are more important than ever in our professional and personal development.

Ruth’s work friends” by Kai Hendry is licensed under CC BY 2.0

The term “frolleagues” was originally coined to refer to coworkers who “friend” others on social media. Little more than 10 years ago, warnings were issued about the potential risks to privacy and one’s reputation when this boundary of professional (colleague) and personal (friend) is crossed. However, due to a number of factors, including the extended amount of time we spend on work or at work, the use of social media as a communication tool, and the challenges in finding time to get together with or meet friends as adults in our daily lives, frolleagues have become lifelines.

Colleagues who meet at work may initially become friends through bonding over issues like a problematic administrator, challenging classes to teach, or a lack of resources. Trust is deepened through mutual support and shared understandings. Time spent together on the job—which often exceeds time we spend with people outside of work—morphs into strong connections because of consistent opportunities for interaction. Closeness then builds with the coworkers we may have more in common with than friends outside of our profession.   When we don’t have workplace friendships, we will likely lack “structural support, which is ‘the ability to ask someone to cover for you when you’re in a bind,’ and emotional support, which is having someone who can talk you through stress, change, or anxiety” (Gallo, 2015).

Research on job satisfaction and productivity also points to the benefits of workplace friendships. Globoforce (2014) reports:

It is hard to underestimate the impact our co-workers have on the experience of working for a company. Those connections can energize or destroy the quality of our work lives. They also strongly impact how we look back at our career and achievements. They inspire and motivate us. They bring us closer to our companies, and they make us want to stay.

The pandemic of the past 2 years has made this sort of closeness and sense of connection to our workplaces more difficult to foster. While this could mean there is more time in our homes and for our families, it can be useful to remember the importance a sense of belonging has on our sense of identity as TESOL educators. Brower (2021) notes that we are wired as humans to seek social connections, and that our workplace friendships are truly essential to our overall well-being by creating the possibility of meaningful interactions that sustain and nurture our growth.

So how can we build on the relationships we have with colleagues so that they become sustaining friendships? Here are a few ideas:

  1. Create or engage with groups at work. This could be participating in that brown-bag lunch series, setting up a WhatsApp conversation group, or starting up your own book club. These can lead to getting to know people in other divisions and decreasing “bureaucracy and red tapism.”
  2. Set up a social event. Morning coffee rituals, Wednesday lunches, or a monthly night out are all ways to connect and develop friendships with colleagues. Consider reaching out to people in other departments and ask them to bring someone along. It can start by just reaching out to one or two coworkers and getting some time together on the calendar.
  3. Stay social even when remote. Taking a few minutes before a web conferencing meeting begins, staying afterwards, and asking people about how they are and really listening can transcend the digital disconnect and nurture workplace relationships even from afar.

As adults, creating and furthering workplace friendships can fall on the list of priorities as we devote time to completing work, our families, and our outside commitments. The benefits, however, to our sense of community and our professional energy depends on them. This week, reach out to a frolleague and let us know how it felt!

In the comments, share what your frolleagues mean in your professional life!

from TESOL Blog http://blog.tesol.org/frolleagues-why-friendships-at-work-matter/

Do you use Sentence Frames During Math Instruction

Hello teachers! 

Do you use math sentence frames during your math instruction?  

If you do, then you know how they can solidify comprehension not only with second language learners, but all students.  Let’s take a deeper look at using sentence frames in Math.

What is a sentence frame?

A sentence frame is a question or sentence with words removed to provide language or writing support for students.  Usually, the sentence frame consists of a subject and a predicate.  Examples of simple frames are I like___ or I can___.  
 

Why use sentence frames in Math instruction?

By using sentence frames in math, teachers can offer a method of scaffolding for students as they build and develop math skills.  Sentence frames give students an opportunity to access the math concepts and to engage in the classroom conversation of math by answering questions. Giving students part of the language of a sentence, or the structure of a sentence allows a focus on the concept, not the language.  A sentence frame helps students see what an answer might look like. Sentence frames give students a chance to use the new math vocabulary in a meaningful way.  Sentence frames support students’ ability to produce language at a higher language level than they are at.
 

How to Use Math Frames During Instruction? 

Sentence frames during math:

Teacher models the use of the sentence frames including the new math vocabulary presented in the lesson.
Teacher practices with class.
Partners or small groups practice together.
During the rest of the lesson integrate this practice.
At the end of the instruction, students use the sentence frames to write about what they were learning.
Examples of sentence frames:
 

 
 
Happy Teaching, 
Lori 

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from Fun To Teach – Grammar, Language, Math, ESL/ELD, Spanish, Reading, Writing, Centers and more! https://esleld.blogspot.com/2021/09/Sentence-frames-during-math-instruction.html

5 Built-in iPhone Features That Can Help ELs

With the launch of new a iPhone inevitably comes a new iOS. (If you’re an Android user, I haven’t forgotten about you! I’ll be covering the same topic for Androids next month!) A lot of English language learners download all sorts of apps to help them with their vocabulary, grammar, listening, and more. But what many iPhone users don’t know is that Apple has a long reputation of growing useful accessibility features that can help students (and anyone else who wants to learn) get more access to English training with only a few taps on the screen.

Let’s look at five built-in iPhone features, some unsung and some brand new, that can boost learning for dedicated students.


1. Text Size

I’ll be the first to admit that display and text size is not an obvious benefit to language learning, but it can make a big difference to many learners who don’t understand how the tech is built to support them. Older students or those with visual impairments will quickly find the value of a larger default text size to help them distinguish between easily confused letters and shapes. It won’t solve all their language learning problems, but reducing the anxieties and expectations that come with the wildly inconsistent spelling standards in English can be a benefit. Making English just a little easier to read is one way to lower barriers to entry.

Where to find it: Settings > Accessibility > Display & Text Size > Larger Text

Change the font size to recognize letters and words more easily

2. Subtitles & Captioning

Activate subtitles to read along with videos

Subtitles and captions are a godsend for language learners. Whether they’re using them to follow along with a video from beginning to end, or just to pick up the occasional obscure vocabulary word, being able to read along with the video is a standard choice for many learners.

Turning on subtitles and captioning helps other apps that play videos activate the captions by default rather than having to search them out. One nice feature is that it even activates on YouTube previews so students can see some of what the videos are talking about without committing to watching. This is a great feature, and students will wonder how they ever lived without it.

Where to find it: Settings > Accessibility > Subtitles & Captioning > Toggle on “Closed Captions & SDH”

3. Focus

Use Focus to eliminate distractions

Brand new to iOS 15 is a feature called “Focus.” Focus is not a tool to develop language, but if your students are anything like mine, they could use some help avoiding the distractions on their phone while trying to master a language as complicated as English.

At first glance, Focus seems to be an advanced “Do Not Disturb” feature, allowing you to pick times when, say, text messages can’t come through (*ahem—check the syllabus for class hours). While this can be useful, there’s actually an option to make an entirely custom iPhone screen that only shows the apps you’ve selected to be available during your given time periods. Psychologically, the difference between “no notifications from Instagram from 9 am–11 am” and “I can only see and access Google Docs, Flipgrid, and Newsela from 9 am–11 am” is HUGE.

Yes, your students will have to turn it on and make the choice that they want to use this, but those that do make the choice are taking control of their easily distracted brain (SQUIRREL!) and positioning the tech to work for them in their studies rather than against them.

Focus is deeply customizable, so make sure to do some research to find all the ways it can be built around your students’ needs.

Where to find it: Settings > Focus OR Control Center > Focus

4. Translate

Access Translate anywhere in iOS

Translate is an app built into iOS that many people are unaware of. It originally got off to a bumpy start, but these days it’s transitioning from ugly duckling to beautiful swan. The basic app has grown a bit, but it’s still fairly straightforward: Enter text to be translated, and your translation will show up. The conversation mode allows learners to talk to someone by holding the phone between them, and as they speak transcribed words show up in their own language and vice-versa.

The best part about translate, though, is that it’s now system wide in the iPhone. That means that any text, no matter where it is in your phone, can be tapped and translated. Choosing a single word or a whole selection, then tapping “translate” on the pop-up bar will give students a (pretty accurate, by my informal checking) translation. There are also options to save translations for further exploration in the future.

Of course, we don’t always want our students relying on translation, but you can’t convince me that direct translation hasn’t saved the day before.

Note: When students open the Translate app there’s an option to improve Siri & Dictation. This may, over time, improve the iPhone’s ability to understand a wider variety of World English accents, but the trade-off is in giving up some of your privacy.

Where to find it: The Translate app is installed by default. Accessing it system wide simply requires highlighting text on the iPhone.

5. Live Text

Live Text instantly recognizes words in photos and screenshots

Live Text is an excellent feature that may look familiar to those who have used Google Lens in the past. Without any extra effort, Live Text is built directly into the iPhone camera, recognizing text and asking users if they want to copy it into the clipboard as text. That’s right! TEXT! This means students can take a picture of a sign they don’t understand, or directions on a prescription, and have it fully searchable right in their phone.

And of course (drumroll), students can combine Live Text with the systemwide Translate feature. That’s right: Take a picture, tap the word you don’t know, and get it translated. No more guessing at it, jumping back and forth into a dictionary while ensuring that the spelling is right, and so on. Everything is available with a tap.

Note: Live Text is only available on iPhone X and later

Where to find it: Settings > Camera > Live Text. Live Text will show up in your Camera app as an icon in the bottom right of the photo.


There are many more features that I couldn’t get to today, but a little exploration in the phone can open a world of possibilities for language learners. Do you know of a feature or service that helps your students learn? Share it in the comments, we’d all love to know more.

from TESOL Blog http://blog.tesol.org/5-built-in-iphone-features-that-can-help-els/

3 Ways to Harness the Power of Translanguaging

When 14-year-old Zena moved from Turkey to New Zealand, she was apprehensive about going to school. Zena had learned some English in school in Turkey but was not confident that she would be able to follow the teachers or converse with other students when she joined her new school. Zena’s family was Egyptian and spoke Arabic and Turkish at home. Zena’s parents worried that because she was an English language learner, Zena wouldn’t fit into her new school or be able to keep up with her school work even though she had been an excellent student in her previous school.

Zena’s story is not unique. It is one that many children and young people from immigrant and multilingual backgrounds share. Children all over the world receive education in a language that is not spoken in their homes, or in a language that forms only part of the linguistic landscape of the home environment. In such cases, what can educators do to make students feel welcome and create a sense of belonging in school?

What Is Translanguaging?

One powerful way in which educators can establish inclusivity is through maximising the use of students’ existing linguistic and cultural resources and allowing them to use their full linguistic repertoire in their learning process. Ofelia García is a well-known proponent of using translanguaging as a pedagogical resource. She describes translanguaging as the natural act of “accessing different linguistic features or various modes of what are described as autonomous languages, in order to maximize communicative potential.”

Translanguaging is not about simply switching from one language to another, or to go across languages, as the prefix trans may imply. Rather, translanguaging refers to the strategic ways in which multilinguals draw from all their linguistic and multimodal resources to make meaning, optimize communication, and enhance understanding. It is about the internal ways in which we language, and do language as an act.

Why Use Translanguaging as a Teaching Approach?

In an International Literacy Association webinar titled “supporting multilingual learners with translanguaging strategies,” Kate Seltzer outlines four reasons why a translanguaging approach is necessary for teaching multilingual students:

  • It helps students to comprehend complex content and texts.
  • It develops students’ linguistic practices.
  • It creates opportunities for multilingual ways of knowing.
  • It supports students’ socioemotional development and strengthens their identities.

A translanguaging approach legitimizes the natural ways in which multilinguals use language and recognizes that multilinguals have a much more complex repertoire than monolinguals.

What Might This Look Like in Practice?

Here are three ways in which educators could put the translanguaging approach into practice.

Create Multilingual Word Walls

A word wall is a space in the classroom dedicated to highlight new words focused on in a unit. For example, in a science lesson, a teacher may decide to add the word electricity to the word wall along with its definition. She could then invite learners to add the word for electricity in their home languages to the wall, and write the definition in their own languages. Word walls can also include visuals and example usage in a sentence.

The process of creating the multilingual word wall is a collaborative one that requires learners to rely on each other’s strengths. The teacher can draw attention to the different ways the word electricity is understood and used in the learners’ homes, creating awareness about linguistic diversity. The wall can be used by students as a resource to recall words and meanings as needed.

Use Culturally Relevant Multilingual Sources

Think about the ways in which you may already ask your learners to inquire into a topic. Are they able to access any resources in their home languages? Are the topics relevant to the cultural communities of your learners?

In a lesson I had the privilege of observing some time ago, a fourth-grade teacher was teaching about the human body. She had students work in small groups to research the functions of different body parts and to create a mind map to record what they found out. The children were provided with online and textual resources primarily in English, but they had access to other languages as well. Providing this access to resources in the home languages allowed learners to build stronger conceptual understanding and helped to validate their linguistic backgrounds. They were proud to show others how to say something in their language and discussed with enthusiasm the learning that resulted from that activity. When students are able to tap into multiple languages within their repertoire to make meaning, they feel empowered and valued.

Invite Learners to Utilise All Their Language Resources

If students in the class share a home language, they may want to work together at times so that they are able to discuss their learning in ways they are most comfortable. This could then be followed up with heterogenous grouping to allow students to share their learning with others, thus allowing them to leverage both languages in discussing academic content.

Suresh Canagarajah argues that because language is an integral part of a multilingual individual’s identity, learners must be invited to use all their language resources not just when conversing, but also in their writing. Parenthetical notes could be added to explain specific aspects of their writing to respect the reader’s perspectives. The use of multiple languages in students’ writing should not be taken as evidence of confusion or a lack of competence. Rather, it illustrates the creativity and strategic ways of making meaning available to multilingual learners.

Concluding Comments

One important aspect of translanguaging pedagogy is that as teachers we reflect on the role of English in our students’ lives and consider how our own teaching might foster ideologies that inadvertently marginalize our students. Perhaps we could begin by reflecting on our own practice and considering the ideologies underlying our actions. Starting a reflective journal about our teaching practice, and/or recording parts of our lessons to trigger these reflections may be a good way to do this.

from TESOL Blog http://blog.tesol.org/3-ways-to-harness-the-power-of-translanguaging/

What’s Different About Teaching Second Language Reading to Adults?

Early in my career, I used to be jealous of reading teachers. They had so much native speaker reading research to back them up, they had curriculum, they had progress tests, and they had ways to diagnose deficits. In contrast, as an ESL teacher, it seemed like I had…nothing. Even worse, I was sometimes expected to use methods and materials that weren’t appropriate for my students. The differences with young English learners are just as great with older students. To prepare to write this blog post on what’s different about teaching second language reading to adults, I talked with a teacher who has been on both sides of this scenario.

Pat Lathers is an instructor of English for Academic Purposes at Macomb Community College in suburban Detroit, Michigan, USA and holds a master’s degree in teaching reading as well as a graduate certificate in teaching ESL. She grew up in Singapore and speaks three languages—English, Tamil, and Malay. Pat teaches reading in English to adults—both native speakers and to students who speak another language—so her answers offered a valuable perspective to the following questions:

1. What Are Some Misconceptions About Teaching Reading to Adult English Language Students?

The biggest misconception is people think the process of adults learning to read in a second language is the same as children learning to read in their native language. Not true! Most adults already know how to read in their native languages. They don’t need to be taught to read; instead, they need help in transferring the reading skills they have to reading in English. That’s a big advantage most adults learning a second language have over children.

People also mistakenly assume adults who lack English skills also lack formal education. Adult students often have background knowledge in many different topics as well as reading skills in their native language. A “beginning” English reading level for a 7-year-old student and a 27-year-old student means very different things.

2. What Can English Language Teachers Learn From Teachers of Reading to Native Speakers?

When Pat taught reading to native speakers of English, she realized they often felt they couldn’t read and in turn, weren’t motivated. They needed instruction tailored to their individual needs. In the same way, adult English learners will be motivated by visuals, recycling, and explanations tailored to their individual needs. What might be boring repetition for native-speaking students—a cultural concept, for example—is necessary background building for adult English learners. Both groups need reading teachers who start with what students know and then progress from there. This reduces frustration and increases motivation.

Teachers of reading to native speakers at all age levels emphasize the importance of wide reading. Pat agrees. In fact, she’s even created an ESL academic reading and vocabulary course that stresses reading, but also asks students to respond to that reading through the other domains—listening, speaking, and writing. Strong reading classes for both native speakers and nonnative speakers will look like this.

Although Pat feels native speakers are more easily independent, she expects all of her students, including English learners, to be independent readers, especially in the higher level courses. Pat reminds us it’s even more important with adults to assume as well as encourage reading independence. Adults can do it because they already do lots of things independently!

3. What Are Some Pitfalls to Avoid When Teaching ESL/EFL Reading to Adult Students?

Adults students aren’t in elementary school, so, of course, elementary methods aren’t appropriate for this population. Teachers think they have to provide all the information, forgetting their adult students know a lot of things already. A wise teacher will acknowledge their students’ knowledge. Pat advises finding out what your students know first so you can fill in gaps later. This is the most efficient method. When students are able to share their knowledge with classmates as well, everyone benefits.

Pat has observed that, unfortunately, some teachers who have learned a foreign language themselves teach ESL or EFL reading the same ineffective way—for example, teaching lists of isolated vocabulary words. Instead, Pat encourages teaching collocations and helping students to use vocabulary in context. This gives students a “bigger picture,” as she puts it. She also tells us it’s important to let adult students know why they are learning something. Adult students have no time to waste, so they want to know how everything will be applied.

Pat also reminds us to be patient with our students. She used to get more frustrated when her students weren’t 100% successful, and she took it personally. Now, she realizes she’s dealing with adults who are leading full lives outside of reading class. That’s why Pat makes a point of learning more about the context around her students; for example, finding out what they are studying in their other classes or learning about their family and work responsibilities. When a student isn’t catching on, teachers are sometimes too quick to think “What’s wrong with this student?” An adult student can struggle for many reasons; knowing the whole student can help a teacher understand why.

Talking with Pat helped me better understand what’s different about teaching reading in another language to adult students. I hope her insights have helped you, too!

from TESOL Blog http://blog.tesol.org/whats-different-about-teaching-second-language-reading-to-adults/

A Series of Interesting Choices With The Oregon Trail for ESL

Hello everyone and welcome to another edition of the TESOL Games and Learning blog!

Sid Meier, creator of the classic video game series Civilization, once described video games as a series of interesting choices. It is a wonderful way to think about how to use video games in the classroom, as the outcome of those interesting choices create experiences for our students which they can compare with one another or even with real world events. This month, let’s explore how students can connect in-game experiences to the real world with the game The Oregon Trail.

The 1990 edition of The Oregon Trail can be played for free online at The Internet Archive.

For many Americans of a certain age, The Oregon Trail was a staple of their school years. In the late 1980s, it seemed to be on just about every classroom computer. In the game, players live the life of an American emigrant traveling from Independence, Missouri to the Oregon country. Each step of the way, players must make choices that influence their chances of successfully completing the journey. Everything from when to begin the trip to how much food and clothing to pack to when to rest or attempt to cross a raging river is up to the player. Along the way, they can learn more about the life of travelers on the trail. (Play the 1990 edition of the game for free online.)

Players must manage food, distance traveled, and all the unexpected events that occur along the trail.

Students’ adventures along the Oregon Trail can be paired with real world history via a wealth of maps provided by the U.S. National Parks Service (NPS). Students can view the path of the original trail imposed on a current map of the United States on the NPS National Trails page. NPS also has a website where students can view different landmarks and museums which mark the historical significance of the Oregon Trail.

Students can see real world locations along the trail at the National Park Service’s Oregon Trail Page.

Finally, students can use mapmaking tools, such as this one, to document their own adventures along the trail and in the process keep an interactive diary of all the choices, decisions, and experiences they have while playing the game. These maps can be the foundation for a rich classroom speaking exercise as students share a map of their adventure with their classmates.

Encouraging students to keep a diary of their in-game experiences can create an opportunity for a writing and reading experience, too. Websites such as the Oregon Trail Center and Oregon Pioneers document the diaries of those who traveled the trail. One such letter written by James Looney on October 27, 1843 is practically an instructional manual for players getting ready to start on the trail:

Let your load be your provisions—flour and bacon. Put in about as much loading as one yoke of cattle can draw handily, and then put on three yoke of cattle and take an extra yoke for a change in case of failure from lameness or sore necks, and you can come without any difficulty. The road is good, much better than we expected, but is long.

I would advise you to start as soon as the grass will admit of, we might have started a month sooner than we did, and then we would have been here to have gone through with our cattle this winter. We left Independence the 22d of May, and we are just about a month too late.

After completing the game, students can explore these diary entries with an understanding of the challenges of the trail by having played the game. While the game will only be a rough approximation of the experiences of the Oregon Trail, it does provide students with a context through which to engage the maps, diaries, and other historical artifacts of the trail.

Recently, a new version of the game was released that includes a more complex portrayal of the indigenous people whose lands were traversed by the settlers. It allows for players to see more of the lives of Native Americans and play through storylines from their perspective. Having half the class play the settler experience and half play through the Native American experience could add another layer of history and perspective.

Do you know of any other games that pair well with other forms of media like the example here? If so, feel free to share your ideas in the comments.

Until next month, play more games!

from TESOL Blog http://blog.tesol.org/a-series-of-interesting-choices-with-the-oregon-trail-for-esl/

👀Learning and Literacy Centers💃

Hello everyone! 

Welcome to a center-based classroom!

Imagine walking into your classroom and seeing students in small groups working cooperatively. One group sits at a center with the teacher for guided reading instruction. Another group of children works at a thematic center sequencing the life cycle of an insect. At the next center, students work together restructuring a story with sentence strips. The teacher signals for attention; the students are quiet for directions. Students clean up their centers and rotate to the next center, going right to work.  Centers can be done simply with the helpful hints we give you here. Read on and

make centers a reality in your classroom!

How is your school year starting off?  Are things running smoothly?  How are your literacy or math centers and stations working out?  Let’s talk about centers!
💜💜💜

Let’s start with the basics! 🅱

What does a center-based classroom look like?

A well-run center-based classroom will have small groups of children working independently at all of the centers, the teacher leading a small group at the guided reading center, and perhaps a parent facilitating another center.  The children will be engaged in the activities, well trained about the procedures, and involved in their own learning.

What’s the rationale?

Learning centers facilitate growth and learning!
💭 Learning centers provide an opportunity for small-group
reading instruction.
💭  Learning centers enhance student learning.
💭  Learning centers teach students responsibility.
💭  Learning centers allow you to teach to a variety of
learning styles.
💭  Learning centers offer a wider variety of activities for
students to learn from.
💭  Learning centers allow students to work at their own level
while reviewing and practicing skills.
💭  Learning centers promote cooperative learning

What is a center?

A center is a physical area in a classroom set aside for a specific
learning purpose. The center has appropriate materials and supplies so students can work individually or in cooperative groups.

How many students should I put in each group?

We recommend three to four students in each group at each center.

How long do students spend at each center?

Twenty to thirty minutes at each center is an adequate amount of time for students to complete most center activities.

How do students know where to go when it is time to rotate centers?

By teaching and practicing the routines and procedures you want to be followed at center time, your students will know what you want them to do. We suggest you follow a clockwise rotation pattern to rotate students through centers.

How do I group my students for centers?

To teach to the varied levels in all classrooms, we suggest you group your students by reading abilities. By grouping students this way, you can meet the instructional needs of all your students in language arts. Learning centers will allow you to teach to your low, medium, and high ability groups and move everyone forward.

How does a center-based classroom look?

Many teachers use tables and desks against the walls in
their classrooms. You can use student desks as a center, too.
During center time, the desks will be empty and small groups of children will be sitting at centers throughout the room. The teacher at guided reading will have her/his back to the wall in order to see all centers at a glance from where she/he sits.

How many adults do I need to run centers in my classroom?

 Just you! When you teach the routines and procedures of
your centers well, your students will learn how to work without supervision during center time.

How long is center time?

That depends on you and on how many centers you have
each day. If you have five groups of students rotating through five centers and spending 15 minutes at each center, then you will need 1 hour and 15 minutes for center time. Six groups of children rotating through six centers will need an hour and a half. Remember to add a little extra time for the rotation of
groups when determining the time you will allot for centers.

When it is time to change centers, how do I get my students’ attention?

Ringing a bell or calling out “freeze” or “give me five” are great ways to call your students to attention. Teach your students to “freeze” when the signal is given and to listen for instructions.

By providing a center-based environment in your classroom, you will be able to give your attention to small groups of children during “guided reading.” Research shows that this small-group instruction is one of the primary components that leads to strong readers.  Centers are perfect for differentiation and making sure you are reaching and teaching your
English learners
. Centers also allow you to teach to all the student levels that are in your classroom. Your choice to run centers in your classroom will also teach your students how to work cooperatively in small groups. Learning centers allow you to teach “responsibility” as students work independently, practicing and
reviewing skills and concepts at each center. 

💜💜💜
Happy Teaching,
Lori
For more in-depth information on running centers in an elementary classroom Click Here! 

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from Fun To Teach – Grammar, Language, Math, ESL/ELD, Spanish, Reading, Writing, Centers and more! https://esleld.blogspot.com/2021/09/learningcentersmadesimple.html

4 More Ways to Support the Families of Multilingual Learners When School Opens

There are many reasons why families may not come to school for school programs and conferences about their children. As I discussed in my August 2021 blog, “5 Ways to Support the Families of Multilingual Learners as School Opens,” families may not have transportation to and from the school or babysitting for younger siblings. They may feel embarrassed by their lack of English or for being unable to read the notices that come home. They may not be able to leave their work to attend conferences. Here are four more steps that schools can take to engage the families of their multilingual learners (MLLs):

1. Increase Attendance at School Functions

When family members of MLLs do not come to school meetings or activities, teachers and administrators should not assume that they are not interested in their children’s education. Here are some ways that you can overcome hurdles that affect such attendance that families might be facing:

  • Issue an oral invitation in the home language of families of MLLs to come to school for a meeting or activity. Remember that there may be families who can not read notices that are translated into their home language. Phone messages in the home language may be more effective than written messages.
  • Set up a phone tree that ensures that families of newly enrolled MLLs receive a phone call from a member of their community who welcomes them and clarifies information about the school.
  • Find ways to provide transportation and childcare so that families can come to school more easily.
  • If necessary, set hours for conferences or meetings that will allow families to come to a meeting before school starts or in the evening (around work hours).
  • Consider holding conferences in community centers or other locations near where the families of your MLLs live.

2. Encourage Families to Participate in Their Child’s Education

Getting families engaged in school activities can be a way to help them to support their child’s education. In order for this to happen, we first need to find ways to make the families of newcomers feel comfortable in our schools so that we can collaborate with them to support their education of their children. Encourage families to

  • volunteer to work in the school library and the ESL classroom; with after-school programs; on PTA bake sales; and during field days, multicultural fairs, class parties, and field trips.
  • come into the school on a regular basis. Engage them in school projects that positively affect their child’s education, such as science fairs, literacy projects, and math activities.
  • share information with their child’s class about their home culture. Newcomers feel very proud when they see their family members working around the school or coming in to share their culture.

3. Learn About Families

There are important things that schools need to know about the families of MLLs:

  • If the student is a newcomer, who do they live with? What is the child’s relationship to the people living in the same place?
  • Which adults are responsible for the child? Who will be home when the child finishes school? Who is allowed to pick them up from school?
  • Is there a family member at home who speaks English and can serve as a primary point of contact?
  • Does the student have home responsibilities, such as taking care of siblings or holding down a job?

4. Know What Stressors a Family May Be Experiencing

I’ve had personal experiences where families of MLLs didn’t let my school know about stressors that they were experiencing, which made it difficult to support them. I have been able, however, to support families that I had a strong relationship with. Here is a story about the Yang family:

In the aftermath of the 9/11 attack of the World Trade Center, a priest from a local parish came to my school to tell me that he found Mrs. Yang and her children wandering around the church on the evening after the attack. I knew the priest because many of the families of my MLLs went to his church. He told me that he talked to Mrs. Yang, but her English was very limited.

Seung, a fourth-grade student of mine and one of the children in the Yang family, told the priest that her father hadn’t come home after the attack on the World Trade Center and they didn’t know what to do. As it turned out, Mr. Yang worked in the World Trade Center and was missing. The school hadn’t known anything had happened because Seung hadn’t missed any school and Mrs. Yang didn’t inform us that he was missing.

I knew the family well as I had worked with them for 3 years. I also knew other Korean families in the community that I could contact to provide support for the Yang family. I felt comfortable going to their house to talk to Mrs. Yang and ask her what the school could do to support her family. Our school nurse, social worker, and psychologist offered to provide services to the family.

Some families are understandably reluctant to share too much information with the school. However, when schools build relationships with families over time and those families know that the school is interested in supporting their children’s education and well being, they are more willing to share and engage.

from TESOL Blog http://blog.tesol.org/4-more-ways-to-support-the-families-of-multilingual-learners-when-school-opens/

3 Strategies to Support EL Language Development in the STEM Classroom

I am sure that at some point in time you have heard or read something along the lines of “We are all literacy teachers when it comes to teaching English learners, regardless of the content area we teach.” Or that “language and content occur simultaneously.” But what does this mean and, more importantly, how does the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) teacher teach something that they lack training in?

That is the topic for today’s blog, based on research published in the Journal of STEM Teacher Education (2016) and on the 2018 National Academy of Sciences Report, which I strongly recommend you read. Both articles can be downloaded for free.

Why STEM Teachers?

Research states that by 2025, one in four students in U.S. K–12 schools will be an EL. This can be very intimidating for many teachers but, according to Hoffman and Zollman, seems to be especially daunting to many STEM teachers who, like other content area teachers, have limited training in working with language learners.

The reality is that most, if not all teachers, have or can expect to have ELs in their classroom in the near future, and therefore must be prepared to best support and teach every single one of these children. In many cases, a general education teacher who knows the content and pedagogy to teach the grade-level standards will also need specific knowledge, skills, and training to help ELs access the curricula.

3 Strategies to Support Language Development Among ELs in the STEM Classroom

1. Allow Students Opportunities to Participate in Disciplinary Practices

The science classroom can be particularly beneficial to ELs when their contributions are valued for the merit of their ideas regardless of social status or linguistic accuracy. Students must be allowed opportunities to actively construct their own science understanding and to participate in disciplinary practices regardless of their level of language proficiency.

The NGSS (Next Generation Science Standards) engages students by using “knowledge-in-use,” where students apply their knowledge for a particular purpose. It is important to remember that as ELs begin learning English, their English will be less sophisticated—but this does not imply that they cannot contribute to the class discussion. Language proficiency does not equate to academic ability. As ELs develop deeper and more sophisticated science understanding over time, their language will become more sophisticated, too.

ELs must be provided the opportunity to practice listening, speaking, writing, and reading in a variety of modalities: one to one, small group, peer grouping, whole group, speaking with the teacher, and creating reports. Each modality requires a different set of vocabulary terms and level of language sophistication. When working one on one or in small groups, a student can point to words or objects to help explain what they did or are speaking about. This allows for less specificity in word choice. When presenting to the class or writing reports, vocabulary and word choice becomes more targeted and specific. Keep this in mind when giving assignments to ELs because their level of language proficiency should guide the tasks and the criteria with which you will grade them.

2. Support Students’ Vocabulary-Building Skills

In order for students to learn and retain vocabulary words, we need to place students in situations where they are able to use the vocabulary in context. The more social contexts in which the students find themselves, the quicker and better they will become in using the vocabulary and hence the language.

Stephen Krashen states that if the learning is compelling, the students are more willing to learn it and not even realize that they are learning it in a different language. So, how can vocabulary be compelling?

Using phenomena is one way, and the NGSS is all about phenomena. Let’s say that the vocabulary word is combustion. You have a number of choices of how to teach the vocabulary word. Here are a few examples, some more compelling than others:

  1. Have the students write the word combustion and its definition on paper. (Definitely not compelling)
  2. Use a Frayer model, where the students complete a graphic organizer by writing the word in the center, its definition, examples, nonexamples, and perhaps a picture in the boxes provided. (Better, but still not very compelling)

    Frayer model template example

  3. Conduct a demonstration or show a video of a combustion reaction. (Definitely compelling). Follow this with the students discussing what they noticed and if they have ever seen anything like this on tv or in person (making connections). Then lastly, introduce the vocabulary word. By introducing the vocabulary word last, the students have made connections to the word and developed schema (some background knowledge of the topic) and can associate the word with either previous knowledge or new knowledge in a compelling manner.

So, remember, giving a student a vocabulary word and its definition, and/or making them write it multiple times is the least effective strategy. But, making the word compelling and connecting it to previous knowledge (schema) is the best way to get your ELs and all other students to learn and remember vocabulary.

What ways can you use phenomena to teach vocabulary?

3. Increase Interactions Using Different Grouping Strategies for Distinct Purposes

When planning your instruction, you should also plan how you will be grouping your students for different activities. Such preplanning of groups may seem trivial, but it is needed—especially when working with ELs. Each EL has a certain level of proficiency and this is very important when deciding who works with whom in groups.

Every one of your ELs should be included in all activities, especially in collaborative groupings because the best way to learn academic language is by being exposed to it. ELs must be able to hear vocabulary in context and be provided with frequent opportunities to practice it. And there is no better way for this to occur than to have students work in groups that are well thought out.

See the sample chart to the right, which you can easily create for your class. The boxes are filled with each student’s initials. You can organize it any way that you wish. For example, you can use the columns (A–E), as in this example chart, for homogeneous grouping of students, and the rows (1–4) for heterogeneous groupings. Or you can have columns with students with similar language levels and rows with students of different language levels. How you group the students and how many rows or columns in your chart is totally at your discretion. The most important thing is to plan your groups with care!

I would love to hear what strategies you have used to support language development for your ELs. Please share in the comments below.

from TESOL Blog http://blog.tesol.org/3-strategies-to-support-el-language-development-in-the-stem-classroom/

Hashtag Sale at Fun To Teach!

Teachers are some of the hardest working people on the planet. 

To say thank you for all the work you do for students, we are hosting ONE DOLLAR DEALS on TpT for two days.

On Sunday, September 5th + Monday, September 6th, search #laboroflove on TpT to find hundreds of products marked down to only $1.

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from Fun To Teach – Grammar, Language, Math, ESL/ELD, Spanish, Reading, Writing, Centers and more! https://esleld.blogspot.com/2021/09/hashtag-sale-at-fun-to-teach.html